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This is an quick update on my work on LibreNet6 and LibreMesh within the last weeks. The exam period in Tokyo started and I had a cold which slowed me a bit down, once both passed I will focus with doubled concentration on the project again!

Multiple servers

The approach of using Tinc allows the usage of more then one IPv6 server, allowing to connect the servers of multiple communities with different IPv6 subnets. Babeld automatically detects where to route traffic when using external subnetworks. This is fortunate as it is possible that there is a high latency between mesh gateway and IPv6 server which would slow down traffic. However, using Tinc and babeld I ran a setup with two mesh gateways both using two different IPv6 subnets. While pings to the other network had high latencies at first (me in Tokyo, one IPv6 server in London and one in Argentina), Tinc automatically exchanged the IPv6 addresses of the mesh gateways which then could connect directly, lowering the latencies. Summarizing this experiment, using Tinc makes the network independent of the public IPv6 addresses.

No lime-app plugin

Initially I though of creating a lime-app plugin which allows to easily requests access to a Tinc mesh. However, after an evolution with my mentor and reading more about Tinc, we decided against it: The new 1.1 release of Tinc not only simplifies joining a mesh by offering the invite and join commands, but also allows to do all configuration automatically with the help of an invitation file. These new features simplify the project much more then I though, following the Spanish documentation on Altermundi.

Adding some security

As mentioned above some parts where easier as excepted, I though of looking into additional tasks for the project. Currently the usage of babeld requires all users of the mesh to fully trust one another as babeld does not provide any security (I could find) regarding announced routes. Mesh routing with security is offered by BMX7, which introduces a model to set (dis)trust between nodes. For this reason I’ve been in contact with Axel Neumann, the developer of BMX7, to fix an long standing error in OpenWrt which lead to false MTU rates in BMX7. The fix was merged upstream and thereby allows to test BMX7 over Tinc as a secure babeld alternative.

English documentation

Beneath the experiments I’ve started to translate (and simplify) the Spanish documentation of LibreNet6 and will upload it to the GitHub repository once finished. Important part is also how to configure 6to4 tunnels as surprisingly few VM providers offer any IPv6 connectivity per default but only a single public IPv4 address.

Hi,

Last weeks have been spent solely on reworking the build system.

First, it was a matter of rebranding the current LEDE back into OpenWrt and fixing a couple of hard-coded names that would cause issues with OpenWrt name. It also involved dropping the old OpenWrt build system which has not been used for years and most likely never will again, so that removes unnecessary code to maintain.

After rebranding, I spent some time verifying that the whole system still works.
Fortunately, there were only small bugs which were simple to fix.

And then came the main task of this project, to completely rework and massively simplify the whole building the image builder job a lot easier and resource intensive.

Firstly, since I was still gonna use Docker to images for a build environment updating the base image which is the actual build environment was needed from old Trusty 14.04 to fresh 18.04 Bionic. This proved to be mostly trial and error as a lot less of default packages were included in 18.04 so getting all dependencies working. After a while base image is now working fine and is relatively small, actually smaller than 14.04 base image.
This is due to less unnecessary packages.

Once the base image was sorted out I finally got working on dropping the unnecessary scripts, docker files and all of the hardcoded build files.

This proved to be not so hard, so work on a new docker based build system started.

So far it’s broken into only 4 separate scripts:

1. docker-prepare-build system: Like its name hints it builds the base image and installs the needed packages. I am still thinking to maybe pull this from the auto built image on Docker Hub.
2. generate-docker files: Which generates the temporary docker files needed for building inside a Docker 18.04 base image.
3. docker-build: Which actually “builds” the image builder and SDK.
4. build: Main script, which simply calls others to configure and build everything.

Number of scripts will most likely grow by one or two since the built image builder with all of the packages need to be packaged and then deployed in a runtime specific image which will only contain the bare minimum of packages to keep it as lightweight as possible.

Currently, building works fine for most custom packages using SDK, but its stuck at building ncurses with a weird LC_TIME assertion error which I need to fix.

So next period will be strictly for fixing the bugs and finishing the build system.
After that is done I will update the custom packages and try to get them upstreamed.

Hi,

In the last weeks I was working on  the storing process as described in the architecture in the last blog post [0].

Storage Handler:

Old app: the old app saves the data as byte in a file. A data entry is 28 bytes of MAC-address(12 bytes for 12 characters) and latitude(8 bytes for double) and longitude(8 bytes for double). An entry could be saved more than once in the file. There are 2 files, one for data which should be updated and one for data which should be deleted from backend.

New app: Firstly I wanted to adapt the structure from the old app. But since I saw some unreasonable points such as saving redundant data, flash workload, maintenance problem and unstructured storage, I decided for a standard database with more structure and easy to maintain: sqlite. Also I am using the new persistence lib, which provides an abstract layer for database: Room, newly released last year, as a part of android architecture components, with a lot of bug fixed since then. A lib with a lot of advantage when working with sqlite database: verify queries at compile time, reduce a lot of duplicate code in comparison with the last approach with DbHelper etc. In order to store the access point in the database, I implemented a seperate thread, which reads data from a blocking queue and saves it in the database, which works parallel with the scan thread and will be interrupted if there is nothing in the queue to store. Also to save energy and not force the store thread to run the whole time, a list of access points will be put into the blocking queue as an element. To pretend redundant data in storage, a data entry with BSSID will not be saved many times as in the old app but only once. The BSSID is used as primary key in the sqlite table. It will be updated the next time if the received signal strength is better than the last entry in the database. An explicit transaction is implemented to solve this case since the lib Room has only supported annotation for standard update/insert. To decide if a access point should be deleted or updated from backend, a flag is set.

Upload Handler:

The WifiUploader is in process. I did take a look at the uploading format in the old app and how it communicates with the current backend. Also the upload sequence is already defined, mean the scanning thread will be interrupted, all the rest of access point will be stored, the store thread will be interrupted to pretend conflict while 2 threads try to access same database at the same time before the uploading process is started. Also the WifiUploader will read maximum a number of data entries from the database and upload it, not the whole database like old app but one after another,  in order to pretend out-of-memory problem at device with small ram. (see more in the below diagram)

But since I am in the middle of my final exam period, there will be a small delay until this weekend for the WifiUploader to be published. Also from next week I will spend full time making the other features done includes implementing all saving resource features such as adaptive scanning, implementing all settings option. A clean and full documentation will be provided at the end as well.

Available issue: Permission request and handling

[0] https://blog.freifunk.net/2018/06/10/openwlanmap-app-update-1/

As hinted in my last blog article, for us to really be able to move forward we needed to do some experimentation with the new technologies we have to adapt. The primary candidate in the beginning of that phase was WiFi Direct, a type of WiFi mode setting which is an official standard published by the WiFi consortium which is meant to replace the ad-hoc wifi mode. But only partially: WiFi Direct was mostly designed to make integration with IoT products easier. As such, using it for the meshing applications is a bit outside of it’s primary use case. The idea behind it is to make two WiFi devices talk to each other without needing a router to be the middleman for negotiation and frequency selection. Even groups of devices are possible create, electing a group leader that then manages the group.

Unfortunately…that sounded a lot better in theory than it turned out to be in practice.

Also as hinted in my last blog post we built some little prototype applications to test WiFi direct between multiple devices and ran into some issues. The APIs that are provided by Android are okay to use, but not super convenient. But most of the issues come from bugs that we haven’t exactly been able to trace down yet. The system WiFi Direct interface (System Settings > WiFi > Advanced > WiFi Direct) detects all devices in the vicinity whereas our application, using the WiFi Direct interface in the Android SDK would sometimes (nondeterministically) fail to detect devices or open sessions between them. We also had some bad experience creating groups between the devices.

All in all…it was underwhelming. WiFi Direct really wasn’t meant to do the kind of networking we’re trying to do with it and even if we can figure out the bugs we encountered, there are other concerns to work out. Debugging these issues aren’t easy but there are a few things we can do. For one, there are other (open source) applications that exist (serbal, briar, …) that use this technology and we can study to see how they solved these issues. There is also the option of wireshark-ing packets that are being transmitted between the two devices to get a better understanding of where handshakes are going wrong. Simple debugging via Android/ Java debugger unfortunately hasn’t yielded many useful results.

We need a convenient way for people to be able to join the network. We need to figure out a way to create a captive portal for people just connecting without the software. The handoff between a WiFi Direct network section and a legacy ad-hoc section that might be created between infrastructure nodes that don’t support WiFi Direct. The last week or so I’ve had my head in the WiFi Direct specification, trying to answer these questions. And while I think we have solved most problems, there’s still a few left to answer.

The second technology we are investigating to complement WiFi Direct wherever it isn’t applicable is Bluetooth P2P Meshing. In contrast to WiFi Direct, it was actually developed for devices to mesh with each other which makes the adaptation of it easier for us in the long run. So far we’ve only done some simple experiments with 2 devices (due to a lack of Android devices in one location 😉 ) but these have been a lot more promising than what WiFi Direct has offered.

The biggest take-away from the last 2 weeks of experimentation is that we can’t dedicate the routing core to a single networking backend.

In the design of the actual code interface that I’ve built in the first few weeks of GSoC this means that there are some adjustments to be made before writing more code. This includes being more generic when binding interfaces and allowing a client to use multiple backends at the same time. This was not intended to be used in the initial design. But for the time being those interfaces will simply be mocked by some stub methods or maybe a simple simulation so we can test the actual routing algorithms. This is an interesting challenge because so many parts of qaul.net will have to change in lockstep with each other to make it all work.

There are some corner cases to test when it comes to bluetooth mesh networking such as groups and how they handle devices joining in and out of them